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Triangulation
Research Methods in Psychology (Pp 1-4)
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Triangulation
Triang=
ulation
“The use of two =
or
more methods of data collection in the study of s=
ome aspect
of human behavior ”
Cohen
and Marion (2000)
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Triangulation
Six Typ=
es of
Triangulation
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Methodolo=
gical
Triangulation
• Time
Triangulation: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Observer/=
Investigator
Triangulation
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Theory
Triangulation
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Space
Triangulation
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Combined =
Level of
Triangulation
•
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Triangulation
Advanta=
ges of
Triangulation
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Reduces
experimenter Bias
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.86%'>• Gives a m=
ore
complex model of behavior
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.87%'>• Reduces t=
heories
that are method bound
•
• Serves as=
a
“check” on each method so that a more solid thesis or
theory can be developed
•
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Triangulation
General T=
ypes
of Research
• Experimental
ü <=
/span>Verifies theories
ü <=
/span>Cause and effect
=
211;
• N=
on-experimental
ü <=
/span>Validates experimental research
ü <=
/span>Provides hypotheses for future research
ü <=
/span>Part of the triangulation process
ü <=
/span>May be only ethical way to gather information
=
ü =
=
211;
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Triangulation
Research Methods in Psychology (Pp 5-14)
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Triangulation
Types of Non-experimental Research
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Triangulation
2.1 Sur=
veys
•
•
•<=
/span>
•<=
/span> Describe the perceptions of a target population
•
•<=
/span> Normally structured ( Likert
Scale ) but they can sometimes be open ended, allowing flexibility in t=
he respondent's answers.
•
•<=
/span> Verify experimental results
•<=
/span>
•<=
/span> Identify appropriate hypotheses for experiments=
3;
•
•<=
/span> Responses often correlated with another variable&#=
13;
•
•
•
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Triangulation
Sampling
Techniques
&#=
8226; Most
Representative
• Simple random sample
• Stratified random sample
• <=
/div>
&#=
8226; Least
Representative
• Opportunity sampling
• Self-selecting samples
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Triangulation
Pros and C=
ons of
Surveys
• Pros:
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>• structured format reduces instrumentation errors&#=
13;
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>• written questions minimizes experimenter bias
=
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>• validity of responses increases with anonymity =
3;
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>• cost-effective
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%;visibility:hidden'>•
• Cons:
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>• Hawthorne
effect
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>• Flawed sur=
veys
can cause potential harm to people
• Data affec=
ted by
a subject’s memory and experience with topic
<=
span
style=3D'font-size:63%'>• Measure only
opinions, preferences or perceived knowledge
Triangulation
2.2 Interv=
iews
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Structured
Interview
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Semi-stru=
ctured
Interview
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Unstructu=
red
Interviews
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• One-to-one
Interviews
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Conversat=
ional
Interviews
•
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Email or
Telephone Interviews
<=
span
style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•
Triangulation
Types
of Interview Transcriptions
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Tradition=
al
<=
span
style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
style=3D'visibility:hidden'>•
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Post-mode=
rn
Triangulation
Pros and =
Cons
of Interviews
• Pros:
• Provides highly detailed information&#=
13;
• Allows subjects to clarify questions&#=
13;
•<=
/span>
• Cons:
• Interview training
=
;
• Cost and logistics
=
;
• Limited samples
Triangulation
2.3
Correlation Research
Triangulation
Correla=
tion
• =
• Correlation means association - more precisely it =
is a
measure of the extent to whic=
h two
variables are linearly related (-1.0 to 1.0)
=
•<=
/span> If an increase in one variable tends to be associa=
ted
with an increase in the ot=
her
then this is known as a positive correlation
•
=
•<=
/span> If an increase in one variable tends to be associa=
ted
with a decrease in the =
other
then this is known as a negative correlation.
=
•<=
/span> A zero correlation occurs when there is no relatio=
nship
between variables and a
correlation of 1.0 (or -1.0) indicates a perfect =
correlation
•
•
Triangulation
Figure A.6 Scatter Plot of a Positive Correlation A
correlation (or the lack of one) can be clearly shown on a scatter
diagram. This one shows a moderately strong positive correlation between
subjects’ compliance with the yoga component of the
alternative health-promotion program and their energy level. The positive
direction of the correlation is indicated by the
upward-sloping pattern of the dots, from bottom left to top right. This me=
ans
that if one variable is high, the other ten=
ds
to be high, too, and vice versa. That the strength of the relationship is =
only
moderate is indicated by the fact that the data points
(each indicating an individual subject’s score) are not all <=
/span>positioned
along a straight diagonal line.
Triangulation
Figure A.7 Scatter Plot of a Negative Correlation =
In
general, people who engage in meditation more often tend to smoke
less. This negative correlation is indicated by the downward-sloping patte=
rn
of dots, from upper left to lower right. Because these dots=
are
clustered somewhat closer together than those in Figure A.6, we can tell a=
t a
glance that the relationship here is somewhat stronger.
Triangulation
Figure A.8 Scatter Plot of No Correlation You
may be surprised to learn that in this study, compliance
with the aerobic exercise portion of the traditional program was not relat=
ed
to level of coping. This scatter diagram sh=
ows
that lack of relationship. The points fall randomly, revealing no <=
/span>general
direction or trend and thus indicating the absence of a correlation.
Triangulation
Strengths
of Correlation Research
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.43%'>• Inexpensi=
ve
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.39%'>• Confirms =
other
methods of research
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-3.87%'>• Points to=
future
experimental hypotheses
• Used when
manipulating a behavior is unethical
<=
span
class=3DBB style=3D'position:absolute;left:-4.03%'>• Relates s=
urvey
data to another variable
Triangulation
Research Methods in Psychology (Pp 14-19)
Triangulation
2.4
Observation Research
•
•
<=
/b>
•
•
<=
/b>
• Covert observations are when the researcher pretends to be an ordinary member of the group and observes=
in secret. There could be ethical problems or decepti=
on and
consent with this particular m=
ethod
of observation.
=
; • Overt observations are when the researcher tells the group he or she is conducting research (i.e. they =
know they are being observed).
Triangulation
Recording
Observational Behaviors
&#=
8226; Grid
method
• Controls experimenter bias
• Allows use of descriptive statistics
• <=
/div>
&#=
8226; Narratives
(Jane Goodall 1971)
• More difficult
• Provides richer interpretations
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Triangulation
Pros
and Cons of Observation Research
• =
Pros:
• It is valuable to see how people beha=
ve in a
natural sett=
ing and
an observation provides very detailed qualitative information which can be used as a sta=
rting point for further, more controlled re=
search.
•<=
/span> It can be used when other methods mig=
ht be
unethical.
•<=
/span>
• =
Cons:
•<=
/span> The presence of observers could influ=
ence the
behaviour of t=
hose
being observed, and it is difficult to control extraneous variables.
•<=
/span> It is difficult for another psycholog=
ist to
replicate the observation
(inter-rater reliability)
•<=
/span> Because there are so many variables w=
hich
could affect behaviour
it is not possible to draw conclusions about =
cause and effect
Triangulation
2.5 Case S=
tudies
•<=
/span> Case studies are in-depth investigations of a sing=
le
person, group, event or community.
•
•<=
/span> Two types: intrinsic and extri=
nsic
•
•<=
/span> Case studies are widely used in psychology and amo=
ngst
the best-known ones ca=
rried
out were by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very detailed investigations into the private lives of his patie=
nts in
an attempt to both underst=
and
and help them overcome their illnesses.
• =
3;
•<=
/span> Case studies provide rich qualitative data and have=
high
levels of ecological
validity.
•<=
/span>
•<=
/span> Resu=
lts
based on the subjective interpreta=
tion of the researcher
•<=
/span>
• Poor=
external validity : cannot be generalized to the general population
•<=
/span>
------=_NextPart_01CB1450.6E1573F0
Content-Location: file:///C:/92693A69/ResearchMethods(Ch1-2)_files/slide0048.htm
Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable
Content-Type: text/html; charset="us-ascii"
Triangulation
2.6 Content
Analysis
•<=
/span> Content analysis is a research tool used to indire=
ctly
observe the presence of certain
words, images or concepts within the media (e.g. advertisements, books films etc). For exampl=
e,
content analysis could be =
used
to study sex-role stereotyping.
=
•<=
/span> Researchers quantify (i.e. count) and analyze (i.e.
examine) the presenc=
e,
meanings and relationships of words and concepts, then =
make inferences about the messages within the medi=
a, the
writer's, the audience, and =
even
the culture and time of which these are a part.
•<=
/span> To conduct a content analysis on any such media, t=
he
media is coded or broken do=
wn,
into manageable categories on a variety of levels - word, word sense, phrase, sentence, or th=
eme -
and then examined.
•
numSlds )
gSldJumpIdx =3D numSlds;
if ( gSldJumpIdx >=3D 0 ) {
if ( gSldJumpIdx =3D=3D 0 )
gSldJumpIdx =3D 1;
var jumpTo =3D parseInt(gSldJumpIdx);
gSldJump =3D 0; gSldJumpIdx =3D "";
win.GoToSld( parent.GetSldList().mList[jumpTo-1].mSldHref )
}
}
}
function _KDH()
{
if( event.keyCode =3D=3D 8 ) {
event.returnValue =3D 0;
parent.GoToPrevSld();
}
}
function DocumentOnClick()
{
if( IsNts() || parent.HideMenu() ) return;
if( ( g_allowAdvOnClick && !parent.IsFramesMode() ) ||
(event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D32) ) )
parent.GoToNextSld();
}
var g_supportsPPTHTML =3D SupportsPPTHTML(), g_scaleInFrame =3D 1, gId=3D""=
, g_bgSound=3D"",
g_scaleHyperlinks =3D false, g_allowAdvOnClick =3D 1, g_showInBrowser =
=3D 0, gLoopCont =3D 0, gUseSldTimings =3D 1;
var g_showAnimation =3D g_supportsPPTHTML && SupportsPPTAnimation() && ( (w=
indow.name=3D=3D"PPTSld" && !parent.IsFramesMode()) || g_showInBrowser );va=
r g_animManager =3D null;
var g_animUseRuntime =3D false;
var g_animItemsToHide, g_animInteractiveItems, g_animSlideTime;
var g_animMainSequence =3D null;
var ENDSHOW_MESG=3D"End of slide show, click to exit.", SCREEN_MODE=3D"Fram=
es", gIsEndShow=3D0, NUM_VIS_SLDS=3D25, SCRIPT_HREF=3D"script.js", FULLSCR_=
HREF=3D"fullscreen.htm";
var gCurSld =3D gPrevSld =3D 1, g_offset =3D 0, gNtsOpen =3D gHasNts =3D gO=
tlTxtExp =3D 0, gHasNarration =3D 0, gOtlOpen =3D true
window.gPPTHTML=3DSupportsPPTHTML()
var g_fBaseHyperlink =3D false;
var gMainDoc=3Dnew Array(new hrefList("slide0022.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList(=
"slide0001.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0002.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("=
slide0003.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0004.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("s=
lide0024.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0030.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sl=
ide0031.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0032.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("sli=
de0033.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0034.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slid=
e0035.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0036.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide=
0037.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0038.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0=
039.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0040.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide00=
41.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0042.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide004=
6.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0043.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0044=
.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0045.htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0047.=
htm",1,-1,1),new hrefList("slide0048.htm",1,-1,1));
/*********************************************
Frameset functions
These functions control slide navigation
and state of the frameset.
**********************************************/
function RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)
{
var regExp =3D /^file:\/\/\//i;
return href.replace(regExp, "")
}
function FullScrInit()
{
g_allowAdvOnClick =3D GetCurSld().mAdvOnClk
document.body.style.backgroundColor=3D"black"
document.oncontextmenu=3Dparent._CM;
document.onkeydown =3D _KDH;
document.ondragstart=3DCancel
document.onselectstart=3DCancel
self.focus()
}
function Redirect( frmId )
{=09
var str=3Ddocument.location.hash,idx=3Dstr.indexOf('#'), sId=3DGetSldId()
if(idx>=3D0) str=3Dstr.substr(1);
if( window.name !=3D frmId && ( sId !=3D str) ) {
obj =3D GetObj("Main-File")
window.location.href=3Dobj.href+"#"+sId
return 1
}
return 0
}
var MHTMLPrefix =3D CalculateMHTMLPrefix();=20
function CalculateMHTMLPrefix()
{
if ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') {=20
href=3Dnew String(document.location.href)=20
Start=3Dhref.indexOf('!')+1=20
End=3Dhref.lastIndexOf('/')+1=20
if (End < Start)=20
return href.substring(0, Start)=20
else=20
return href.substring(0, End)=20
}
return '';
}
function GetTags(base,tag)
{
if(g_supportsPPTHTML) return base.all.tags(tag);
else return base.getElementsByTagName(tag);
}
function UpdNtsPane(){ if(frames["PPTNts"]) PPTNts.location.replace( MHTMLP=
refix+GetHrefObj( gCurSld ).mNtsHref ) }
function UpdNavPane( sldIndex ){ if(gNavLoaded) PPTNav.UpdNav() }
function UpdOtNavPane(){ if(gOtlNavLoaded) PPTOtlNav.UpdOtlNav() }
function UpdOtlPane(){ if(gOtlLoaded) PPTOtl.UpdOtl() }
function SetHasNts( fVal )
{
if( gHasNts !=3D fVal ) {
gHasNts=3DfVal
UpdNavPane()
}
}
function ToggleOtlText()
{
gOtlTxtExp=3D!gOtlTxtExp
UpdOtlPane()
}
function ClearMedia()
{
// Clear any sounds playing before launching another browser window. Other=
wise,
// in fullscreen mode, you'll continue to hear the sound in the frames mod=
e.
if (PPTSld.pptSound) PPTSld.pptSound.loop =3D 0;
}
function FullScreen()
{=20
if ( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
PPTSld.document.body.pause();
ClearMedia();
var href =3D ( document.location.protocol =3D=3D 'mhtml:') ? FULLSCR_HREF =
: FULLSCR_HREF+"#"+GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref;
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
href =3D RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href)
if(PPTNav.event.ctrlKey) {
var w =3D (window.screen.availWidth * 1.0) / 2.0
var h =3D w * (PPTSld.g_origH * 1.0) / PPTSld.g_origW
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"toolbar=3D0,resizable=3D1,top=
=3D0,left=3D0," + "width=3D"+ w + ",height=3D" + h );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
else
{
win =3D window.open( MHTMLPrefix+href,null,"fullscreen=3Dyes" );
if( win.document.body && PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
win.document.body.PPTSldFrameset=3Dwindow;
}
}
function ToggleVNarration()
{
rObj=3DPPTSld.document.all("NSPlay")
if( rObj && !PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime ) {
if( (rObj.playState =3D=3D 1)||(rObj.playState =3D=3D 0) )
rObj.Play()
else if( rObj.playState =3D=3D 2 )
rObj.Pause()
else
return;
}
else if( PPTSld.g_animUseRuntime )
{
narObj =3D PPTSld.document.all("narrationID")
if( narObj )
narObj.togglePause()
}
}
function GetCurSldNum()
{ =20
obj=3DGetHrefObj(gCurSld)
if( obj.mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return obj.mSldIdx
else =20
return gCurSld
}
function GetNumSlds()
{ =20
if( GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mOrigVis =3D=3D 1 )
return GetSldList().mNumVisSlds;
else
return GetSldList().mList.length
}
function GetSldNum( href )
{
for(ii=3D0; ii 1 )
PopSldList();
else if( !IsFramesMode() ) {
if( gLoopCont )
GoToFirst()
else
EndShow()
}
}
function GoToPrevSld()
{
ii=3DgCurSld-1
if( ii > 0 ) {
obj=3DGetHrefObj(ii)
while ( obj && ( obj.mVis =3D=3D 0 ) && ( ii>0 ) )
obj=3DGetHrefObj(--ii)
if( ii =3D=3D 0 ) ii=3D1
GoToSldNum(ii)
}
}
function GoToFirst(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(1).mSldHref ) }
function GoToLast()
{
ii=3DGetSldList().mList.length
if( ii !=3D gCurSld )
GoToSld( GetHrefObj(ii).mSldHref )
}
function GoToSldNum( num )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
obj =3D GetHrefObj( num )
obj.mVis=3D1
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld =3D num;
=09
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(obj.mSldHref=
))
else
PPTSld.location.replace(obj.mSldHref)
=09
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function GoToSld( href )
{
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
GetHrefObj( GetSldNum(href) ).mVis=3D1
if (MHTMLPrefix !=3D "")
PPTSld.location.replace(MHTMLPrefix+RemoveFilePrefixFromHref(href))
else
PPTSld.location.replace(href)
}
function SldUpdated( id )
{
if( id =3D=3D GetHrefObj(gCurSld).mSldHref ) return
gPrevSld=3DgCurSld
gCurSld=3DGetSldNum(id)
if( IsFramesMode() ) {
UpdNavPane(); UpdOtlPane(); UpdNtsPane()
}
}
function PrevSldViewed(){ GoToSld( GetHrefObj(gPrevSld).mSldHref ) }
function HasPrevSld() { return ( gIsEndShow || ( gCurSld !=3D 1 && GetHrefO=
bj( gCurSld-1 ).mVis =3D=3D 1 )||( GetCurSldNum() > 1 ) ) }
function HasNextSld() { return (GetCurSldNum() !=3D GetNumSlds()) }
function CloseWindow() {
if( HideMenu() ) return;
=09
var event =3D PPTSld.event;
if( !IsFramesMode() && event && (event.keyCode=3D=3D27 || event.keyCode=3D=
=3D32 || event.type=3D=3D"click" ) )
window.close( self );
CatchNumKeys( self, event );
}
function Unload() { gIsEndShow=3D0; }
function SetupEndShow() {
gIsEndShow=3D1;
PPTSld.document.body.scroll=3D"no";
PPTSld.document.onkeypress=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.onclick=3DCloseWindow;
PPTSld.document.oncontextmenu=3D_CM;
}
function EndShow()
{
if( IsFramesMode() ) return
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
doc=3DPPTSld.document
var dir =3D doc.body.dir
if( dir !=3D "rtl" ) dir =3D "ltr";
doc.open()
doc.writeln('' + ENDSHOW_MESG + '
0) {
PushSldList(sldList,fEnd);
gCurSld =3D 1;
}
else
if( PPTSld.event ) PPTSld.event.cancelBubble=3Dtrue
}
function PushSldList(arr,fEnd) {
var ii =3D gSldStack.length;
gSldStack[ii] =3D new SldList(arr,gCurSld,fEnd);
GoToSld( gSldStack[ii].mList[0].mSldHref );
}
function PopSldList() {
if (gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].fEndShow)
EndShow()
else {
gCurSld =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1].mCurSld;
gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1] =3D null;
gSldStack.length--;
var sldList =3D gSldStack[gSldStack.length-1];
GoToSld( sldList.mList[gCurSld - 1].mSldHref );
}
}
var custShowList=3Dnew Array();
/*********************************************
Navigation button implementation
There are 2 types of buttons: ImgBtn, TxtBtn
implemented as function objects. They share
a similiar interface so the event handlers
can call SetActive, for example, on a button=20
object without needing to know exactly=20
what type of button it is.
**********************************************/
//----------------------------------
function ImgBtn( oId,bId,w,action )
//----------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _IBP
t.SetActive =3D _IBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _IBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _IBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _IBSetD
t.Enabled =3D _IBSetE
t.ChangeIcon =3D null
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _IBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.mBorderId=3D bId
t.mWidth =3D w
t.mIsOn =3D t.mCurState =3D 0
}
function _IBSetA()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _IBSetI()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
}
function _IBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,2 )
obj.style.posLeft+=3D1; obj.style.posTop+=3D1
}
}
function _IBSetD()
{ =20
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0=20
}
function _IBSetE( state )
{
var t=3Dthis
GetObj( t.mBorderId ).style.visibility=3D"visible"
if( state !=3D t.mIsOn ) {
t.mIsOn=3Dstate
if( state )
t.SetInactive()
else
t.SetDisabled()
}
}
function _IBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( t.ChangeIcon ) {
obj=3DGetObj(t.mObjId)
if( t.ChangeIcon() )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-4)*t.mWidth
else
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-0)*t.mWidth
}
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _IBUI( clr1,clr2,nextState )
{
var t=3Dthis
SetBorder( GetObj( t.mBorderId ),clr1,clr2 )
obj=3DGetObj( t.mObjId )
obj.style.posLeft=3Dobj.style.posLeft+(t.mCurState-nextState)*t.mWidth-obj=
.style.posTop
t.mCurState=3DnextState
return obj
}
//-----------------------------------------
function TxtBtn( oId,oeId,action,chkState )
//-----------------------------------------
{
var t=3Dthis
t.Perform =3D _TBP
t.SetActive =3D _TBSetA
t.SetInactive=3D _TBSetI
t.SetPressed =3D _TBSetP
t.SetDisabled=3D _TBSetD
t.SetEnabled =3D _TBSetE
t.GetState =3D chkState
t.UserAction =3D action
t.ChgState =3D _TBUI
t.mObjId =3D oId
t.m_elementsId=3D oeId
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBSetA()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetI()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn && !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
}
function _TBSetP()
{
if( this.mIsOn )
this.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
}
function _TBSetD()
{ =20
this.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
this.mIsOn =3D 0
}
function _TBSetE()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( !t.GetState() )
t.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,0,0 )
else
t.ChgState( gShadowClr,gHiliteClr,1,1 )
t.mIsOn =3D 1
}
function _TBP()
{
var t=3Dthis
if( t.mIsOn ) {=20
if( t.UserAction !=3D null )
t.UserAction()
if( !t.GetState )
return
if( t.GetState() )
t.SetPressed()
else
t.SetActive()
} =20
}
function _TBUI( clr1,clr2,lOffset,tOffset )
{
SetBorder( GetObj( this.mObjId ),clr1,clr2 )
Offset( GetObj( this.m_elementsId ),lOffset,tOffset )
}
function Offset( obj, top, left ){ obj.style.top=3Dtop; obj.style.left=3Dle=
ft }
function SetBorder( obj, upperLeft, lowerRight )
{
s=3Dobj.style;
s.borderStyle =3D "solid"
s.borderWidth =3D 1=20
s.borderLeftColor =3D s.borderTopColor =3D upperLeft
s.borderBottomColor=3D s.borderRightColor =3D lowerRight
}
function GetBtnObj(){ return gBtnArr[window.event.srcElement.id] }
function BtnOnOver(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetActive() }
function BtnOnDown(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetPressed() }
function BtnOnOut(){ b=3DGetBtnObj(); if( b !=3D null ) b.SetInactive() }
function BtnOnUp()
{
b=3DGetBtnObj()
if( b !=3D null )
b.Perform()
else
Upd()
}
function GetNtsState(){ return parent.gNtsOpen }
function GetOtlState(){ return parent.gOtlOpen }
function GetOtlTxtState(){ return parent.gOtlTxtExp }
function NtsBtnSetFlag( fVal )
{
s=3Ddocument.all.item( this.m_flagId ).style
s.display=3D"none"
if( fVal )
s.display=3D""
else
s.display=3D"none"
}
function _BSetA_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etActive() }
function _BSetI_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etInactive() }
function _BSetP_Border(){ b =3D gBtnArr[this.mObjId]; if( b !=3D null ) b.S=
etPressed() }
function _BSetA_BorderImg()
{=20
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]=20
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gHiliteClr,gShadowClr,2 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
function _BSetI_BorderImg()
{=20
b =3D gBtnArr[this.mBorderId]
if( b !=3D null && this.mIsOn && !b.GetState() ) {
obj=3Dthis.ChgState( gFaceClr,gFaceClr,1 )
obj.style.posTop=3D0
}
}
var gHiliteClr=3D"THREEDHIGHLIGHT",gShadowClr=3D"THREEDSHADOW",gFaceClr=3D"=
THREEDFACE"
var gBtnArr =3D new Array()
gBtnArr["nb_otl"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOtlPan=
e,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_otlElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_otl","nb_otlElem",parent.ToggleOt=
lPane,GetOtlState )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_nts","nb_ntsBorder",10,parent.ToggleN=
tsPane )
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_nts"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_BorderImg;
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.=
ToggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsElem"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_ntsBorder","nb_ntsElem",parent.To=
ggleNtsPane,GetNtsState )
gBtnArr["nb_prevBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_prev"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_prev","n=
b_prevBorder",30,parent.GoToPrevSld )
gBtnArr["nb_nextBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_next"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_next","n=
b_nextBorder",30,parent.GoToNextSld )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshw"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",18,parent=
.FullScreen )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwBorder",pa=
rent.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwBorder"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"] =3D new TxtBtn( "nb_sldshw","nb_sldshwText",parent=
.FullScreen,null )
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetActive =3D _BSetA_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_sldshwText"].SetInactive =3D _BSetI_Border;
gBtnArr["nb_voice"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_voiceBorder"] =3D new ImgBtn( "nb_voice=
","nb_voiceBorder",18,parent.ToggleVNarration )
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxtBorder"] =3D gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"]=3D new ImgBtn( "nb_otlT=
xt","nb_otlTxtBorder",23,parent.ToggleOtlText )
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].m_flagId=3D "nb_nts"
gBtnArr["nb_ntsBorder"].SetFlag =3D NtsBtnSetFlag
gBtnArr["nb_otlTxt"].ChangeIcon=3D GetOtlTxtState
/*********************************************
Context menu implementation
_CM() is the function that's hooked up to
the oncontextmenu event. Once we're asked to
show the menu, we first build it by creating
DIVs on-the-fly. Then we position it=20
within the screen area so it doesn't get
clipped.
Creating the DIVs using createElement() means
we don't have to write out any extra HTML
into the slide HTML files.
**********************************************/
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Triangulation
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No=
tes
1
2
“The use of two or more methods of data collection in the stud=
y of
some aspect of human behavior ”
Cohen and Marion (2000)
3
Methodological Triangulation
Time Triangulation: Cross-sectional and Longitudinal
Observer/Investigator Triangulation
Theory Triangulation
Space Triangulation
Combined Level of Triangulation
4
Reduces experimenter Bias
Gives a more complex model of behavior
Reduces theories that are method bound
Reduces theories that are culture bound
Serves as a “check” on each method so that a more solid
thesis or theory can be developed
5
Experimental
Verifies theories
Cause and effect
Non-experimental
Validates experimental research
Provides hypotheses for future research
Part of the triangulation process
May be only ethical way to gather information
6
7
8
9
Most Representative
Simple random sample
Stratified random sample
Least Representative
Opportunity sampling
Self-selecting samples
10
Pros:
structured format reduces instrumentation errors
written questions minimizes experimenter bias
validity of responses increases with anonymity
cost-effective
Cons:
Hawthorne effect
Flawed surveys can cause potential harm to people
Data affected by a subject’s memory and experience with topic<=
/li>
Measure only opinions, preferences or perceived knowledge
11
Structured Interview
Semi-structured Interview
Unstructured Interviews
One-to-one Interviews
Conversational Interviews
Small Group Interviews – Focus Groups
Email or Telephone Interviews
12
13
Pros:
Provides highly detailed information
Allows subjects to clarify questions
Cons:
Interview training
Cost and logistics
Limited samples
14
15
16
17
18
19
Inexpensive
Confirms other methods of research
Points to future experimental hypotheses
Used when manipulating a behavior is unethical
Relates survey data to another variable
20
21
22
Grid method
Controls experimenter bias
Allows use of descriptive statistics
Narratives (Jane Goodall 1971)
More difficult
Provides richer interpretations
23
24
Case studies are in-depth investigations of a single person, group,
event or community.
Two types: intrinsic and extrinsic
Case studies are widely used in psychology and amongst the best-known
ones carried out were by Sigmund Freud. He conducted very detailed
investigations into the private lives of his patients in an attempt =
to
both understand and help them overcome their illnesses.
Case studies provide rich qualitative data and have high levels of
ecological validity.
Results based on the s=
ubjective
interpretation of the researcher Poor external validity:
cannot be generalized to the general population
25
Content analysis is a research tool used to indirectly observe the
presence of certain words, images or concepts within the media (e.g.
advertisements, books films etc). For example, content analysis coul=
d be
used to study sex-role stereotyping.
Researchers quantify (i.e. count) and analyze (i.e. examine) the
presence, meanings and relationships of words and concepts, then make
inferences about the messages within the media, the writer's, the
audience, and even the culture and time of which these are a part.
To conduct a content analysis on any such media, the media is coded =
or
broken down, into manageable categories on a variety of levels - wor=
d,
word sense, phrase, sentence, or theme - and then examined.
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